Matriarchists", as typified by male-conceived comic book character Wonder Woman, were criticized by Kathie Sarachild, Carol Hanisch, and some others. [270] In religious thought [ edit ] Exclusionary [ edit ] Stansell, Christine (2010). The Feminist Promise: 1792 to the Present (1sted.). N.Y.: Modern Library (Random House). p.394. ISBN 978-0-679-64314-2. a b c d e Seekins, Donald M., Trung Sisters, Rebellion of (39–43), in Sandler, Stanley, ed., Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia (Santa Barbara California: ABC-Clio, hardcover 2002 ( ISBN 1-57607-344-0)), vol. 3, p. 898. a b c d e f Banerjee, Roopleena (2015). " 'Matriarchy' and Contemporary Khasi Society". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 76: 918–930. JSTOR 44156662.

The Matriarchal Studies school led by Göttner-Abendroth calls for an even more inclusive redefinition of the term: Göttner-Abendroth defines Modern Matriarchal Studies as the "investigation and presentation of non-patriarchal societies", effectively defining matriarchy as non-patriarchy. [20] She has also defined matriarchy as characterized by the sharing of power equally between the two genders. [21] According to Diane LeBow, "matriarchal societies are often described as... egalitarian...", [22] although anthropologist Ruby Rohrlich has written of "the centrality of women in an egalitarian society." [23] [a] a b c Rathnayake, Zinara. "Khasis: India's indigenous matrilineal society". www.bbc.com . Retrieved May 17, 2021.Anthropologist Peggy Reeves Sanday has said that the Minangkabau society may be a matriarchy. [77] Vietnam [ edit ]

In first-wave feminist discourse, either Elizabeth Cady Stanton or Margaret Fuller (it is unclear who was first) introduced the concept of matriarchy [147] and the discourse was joined in by Matilda Joslyn Gage. [148] Victoria Woodhull, in 1871, called for men to open the U.S. government to women or a new constitution and government would be formed in a year; [149] and, on a basis of equality, she ran to be elected president in 1872. [150] [151] Charlotte Perkins Gilman, in 1911 and 1914, [152] argued for "a woman-centered, or better mother-centered, world" [153] and described "government by women". [154] She argued that a government led by either sex must be assisted by the other, [155] both genders being "useful... and should in our governments be alike used", [156] because men and women have different qualities. [157] Roquia Sakhawat Hussain's Sultana's Dream is an early feminist utopia (published 1905) based on advanced science and technology developed by women, set in a society, Ladyland, run by women, where "the power of males is taken away and given to females," and men are secluded and primarily attend to domestic duties, according to Seemin Hasan. [330] Rasa von Werder has also long advocated for a return to matriarchy, a restoration of its status before its overthrow by patriarchy, along with associated author William Bond as well. [194] Anne Helene Gjelstad describes the women on the Estonian islands Kihnu and Manija as "the last matriarchal society in Europe" because "the older women here take care of almost everything on land as their husbands travel the seas". [68] [69] Asia [ edit ] Burma [ edit ]

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Ciuk, Krzysztok (2008). Mysteries of ancient Ukraine: the remarkable Trypilian culture, 5400–2700 BC. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum. ISBN 9780888544650. Some question whether a queen ruling without a king is sufficient to constitute female government, given the amount of participation of other men in most such governments. One view is that it is sufficient. "By the end of [Queen] Elizabeth's reign, gynecocracy was a fait accompli", according to historian Paula Louise Scalingi. [41] [d] Gynecocracy is defined by Scalingi as "government by women", [42] similar to dictionary definitions [34] [35] [36] (one dictionary adding 'women's social supremacy' to the governing role). [37] Scalingi reported arguments for and against the validity of gynocracy [43] and said, "the humanists treated the question of female rule as part of the larger controversy over sexual equality." [44] Possibly, queenship, because of the power wielded by men in leadership and assisting a queen, leads to queen bee syndrome, contributing to the difficulty of other women in becoming heads of the government. [ citation needed] A minority of feminists, generally radical, [145] [146] have argued that women should govern societies of women and men. In all of these advocacies, the governing women are not limited to mothers: