Fears, Darryl (August 26, 2015). "As pesticides wipe out Monarch butterflies in the U.S., illegal logging is doing the same in Mexico". The Washington Post. a b Inamine, Hidetoshi; Ellner, Stephen P.; Springer, James P.; Agrawal, Anurag A. (2016). "Linking the continental migratory cycle of the monarch butterfly to understand its population decline". Oikos. 125 (8): 1081. doi: 10.1111/oik.03196. Butterflies: " Beautiful fluttering insects that love sunrises. Fish are attracted to these based on their color variety."

Chip Taylor, the director of Monarch Watch at the University of Kansas, has stated that the Midwest milkweed habitat "is virtually gone" with 120–150 million acres lost. [170] [171] To help fight this problem, Monarch Watch encourages the planting of "Monarch Waystations". [156] Habitat loss due to herbicide use and genetically modified crops [ edit ] The area of Mexican forest to which eastern and midwestern monarchs migrate reached its lowest level in two decades in 2013. The decline was expected to increase during the 2013–2014 season. Mexican environmental authorities continue to monitor illegal logging of the oyamel trees. The oyamel is a major species of evergreen on which the overwintering butterflies spend a significant time during their winter diapause, or suspended development. [181] Physiological experiments suggest that monarch butterflies view the world through a tetrachromatic system. [56] Like humans, their retina contain three types of opsin proteins, expressed in distinct photoreceptor cells, each of which absorbs light at a different wavelength. Unlike humans, one of those types of photoreceptor cells corresponds to a wavelength in the ultraviolet range; the other two correspond to blue and green. [57] a b Brennen, Shannon (July 2014). "For Love of Nature: Annual monarch butterfly migration in peril". The News & Advance, Lynchburg, Virginia . Retrieved July 4, 2014.

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Taylor, David. "Common Milkweed ( Asclepias syriaca L.)". Plant of the Week. United States Department of Agriculture: United States Forest Service. Archived from the original on June 4, 2021 . Retrieved July 9, 2021. Davis, Lee (May 31, 2006). "Plant guide for Green Milkweed: Asclepias viridis Walt" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 11, 2021 . Retrieved July 11, 2021. Pocius, Victoria M.; Debinski, Diane M.; Pleasants, John M.; Bidne, Keith G.; Hellmich, Richard L. (January 8, 2018). "Monarch butterflies do not place all of their eggs in one basket: oviposition on nine Midwestern milkweed species". Ecosphere. Ecological Society of America (ESA). 9 (1): 1–13. doi: 10.1002/ecs2.2064. In our study, the least preferred milkweed species A. tuberosa (no choice; Fig. 2) and A. verticillata (choice; Fig. 3A) both have low cardenolide levels recorded in the literature (Roeske et al. 1976, Agrawal et al. 2009, 2015, Rasmann and Agrawal 2011)

Monarch Butterfly Life Cycle and Migration". National Geographic Education. October 24, 2008. Archived from the original on April 6, 2011 . Retrieved August 15, 2013. Although monarch caterpillars will feed on butterfly weed ( A. tuberosa) in butterfly gardens, the plant has rough leaves and is typically not a heavily used host plant for the species. [249] The plant's low levels of cardenolides may also make the plant unattractive to egg-laying monarchs. [116] While A. tuberosa 's colorful flowers provide nectar for many adult butterflies, the plant may be less suitable for use in butterfly gardens and monarch waystations than are other milkweed species. [249] Davis, Donald (November 27, 2014). "DPLEX-L:59250 THE possibility of a trans-Gulf migration, oil rigs, Dr. Gary Ross, and more". Monarch Watch. University of Kansas. Stevens, Michelle. "Plant guide for common milkweed ( Asclepias syriaca)" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service: National Plant Data Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 5, 2021 . Retrieved July 5, 2021.Nail, Kelly R. (2019). "Butterflies Across the Globe: A Synthesis of the Current Status and Characteristics of Monarch ( Danaus plexippus) Populations Worldwide". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 27: 362. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00362. Western monarch populations have rebounded slightly since 2014 with the Western Monarch Thanksgiving Count [183] tallying 335,479 monarchs in 2022. The population still has much to go for a full recovery. West Virginia Statistical Information, General State Information" (PDF). Official West Virginia Web Portal. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 11, 2008 . Retrieved March 26, 2008.

a b * "Sec. 1415. Administrative Provisions To Encourage Pollinator Habitat And Forage On Transportation Rights-Of-Way" (PDF). Public Law 114–94: 114th Congress (129 Stat. 1421). United States Government Publishing Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 25, 2021 . Retrieved July 7, 2021. Solensky, Michelle J. (November 2004). "The Effect of Behavior and Ecology on Male Mating Success in Overwintering Monarch Butterflies ( Danaus plexippus)". Journal of Insect Behavior. 17 (6): 723–743. doi: 10.1023/b:joir.0000048985.58159.0d. ISSN 0892-7553. S2CID 31954178. PBS-P100: Facilities Standards for the Public Buildings Service" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Services Administration. March 2015. pp.42–47. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 19, 2021 . Retrieved July 7, 2021. Solensky, M.J.; K.S. Oberhauser (2009). "Sperm Precedence in Monarch Butterflies ( Danaus plexippus)". Behavioral Ecology. 20 (2): 328–34. doi: 10.1093/beheco/arp003. The spawn rate for butterflies is decided at random when a day begins. As such, some days will have countless butterflies, while others will have almost none.MacIvor, James Scott; Roberto, Adriano N.; Sodhi, Darwin S.; Onuferko, Thomas M.; Cadotte, Marc W. (2017). "Honey bees are the dominant diurnal pollinator of native milkweed in a large urban park". Ecology and Evolution. 7 (20): 8456–8462. doi: 10.1002/ece3.3394. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 5648680. PMID 29075462. Provisional species list of the Lepidoptera". Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. a b Hay-Roe, Miriam M.; Lamas, Gerardo; Nation, James L. (2007). "Pre- and postzygotic isolation and Haldane rule effects in reciprocal crosses of Danaus erippus and Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danainae), supported by differentiation of cuticular hydrocarbons, establish their status as separate species". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 91 (3): 445–453. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00809.x. Texas State Symbols". The Texas State Library and Archives. Archived from the original on December 24, 2018 . Retrieved March 26, 2008.

a b Álvarez-Castañeda, Sergio Ticul (2005). " Peromyscus melanotis". Mammalian Species. 2005 (764): 1–4. doi: 10.1644/1545-1410(2005)764[0001:PM]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 198968529. Butterfly genomics: Monarchs migrate and fly differently, but meet up and mate". phys.org . Retrieved July 31, 2020.Tenger-Trolander, Ayşe; Lu, Wei; Noyes, Michelle; Kronforst, Marcus R. (July 16, 2019). "Contemporary loss of migration in monarch butterflies". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (29): 14671–14676. Bibcode: 2019PNAS..11614671T. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1904690116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6642386. PMID 31235586. The adult emerges from its chrysalis after about two weeks of pupation. The emergent adult hangs upside down for several hours while it pumps fluids and air into its wings, which expand, dry, and stiffen. The butterfly then extends and retracts its wings. Once conditions allow, it flies and feeds on a variety of nectar plants. During the breeding season, adults reach sexual maturity in 4–5 days. However, the migrating generation does not reach maturity until overwintering is complete. [46] Pocius, V. M.; Debinski, D. M.; Pleasants, J. M.; Bidne, K. G.; Hellmich, R. L.; Brower, L. P. (September 7, 2017). "Milkweed Matters: Monarch Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Survival and Development on Nine Midwestern Milkweed Species". Environmental Entomology. 46 (5): 1098–1105. doi: 10.1093/ee/nvx137. ISSN 0046-225X. PMC 5850784. PMID 28961914.