The Dictionary of Human Geography, 5th Edition

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The long-term development of human geography has progressed in tandem with that of the discipline more generally ( see geography). Since the Quantitative Revolution in the 1950s and 1960s, the philosophy underpinning human geography research has diversified enormously. The 1970s saw the introduction of behavioural geography, radical geography, and humanistic geography. These were followed in the 1980s by a turn to political economy, the development of feminist geography, and the introduction of critical social theory underpinning the cultural turn. Together these approaches formed the basis for the growth of critical geography, and the introduction of postmodern and post-structural thinking into the discipline in the 1990s. These various developments did not fully replace the theoretical approaches developed in earlier periods, but rather led to further diversification of geographic thought. For example, quantitative geography continues to be a vibrant area of geographical scholarship, especially through the growth of GIScience. The result is that geographical thinking is presently highly pluralist in nature, with no one approach dominating. Dummer, Trevor J.B. (22 April 2008). "Health geography: supporting public health policy and planning". CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal. 178 (9): 1177–1180. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.071783. ISSN 0820-3946. PMC 2292766. PMID 18427094. Cloke, Paul J.; Crang, Phil; Crang, Philip; Goodwin, Mark (2005). Introducing human geographies (2nded.). London: Hodder Arnold. ISBN 978-0-340-88276-4. Flowerdew, Robin; Martin, David (2005). Methods in human geography: a guide for students doing a research project (2nded.). Harlow: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-582-47321-8.

a b "Chairs of Geography in British Universities". Geography. 46 (4): 349–353. 1961. ISSN 0016-7487. Historical geography is the study of the human, physical, fictional, theoretical, and "real" geographies of the past. Historical geography studies a wide variety of issues and topics. A common theme is the study of the geographies of the past and how a place or region changes through time. Many historical geographers study geographical patterns through time, including how people have interacted with their environment, and created the cultural landscape. Matt: Hi, Change Champs. It's so exciting to see you here. I've been a National Park Ranger for almost five years now, and I never get bored of spending all my time outside in this awesome place. Should we take a look around? Alisdair Rogers, Keble College, University of Oxford, Noel Castree, The University of Manchester, and Rob Kitchin, National University of Ireland, MaynoothCultural geography is the study of cultural products and norms - their variation across spaces and places, as well as their relations. It focuses on describing and analyzing the ways language, religion, economy, government, and other cultural phenomena vary or remain constant from one place to another and on explaining how humans function spatially. [8] This picture shows terraced rice agriculture in Asia. Population geography is the study of ways in which spatial variations in the distribution, composition, migration, and growth of populations are related to their environment or location. Settlement geography, including urban geography, is the study of urban and rural areas with specific regards to spatial, relational and theoretical aspects of settlement. That is the study of areas which have a concentration of buildings and infrastructure. These are areas where the majority of economic activities are in the secondary sector and tertiary sectors. For this new edition, all existing entries have been fully revised and updated, and there is now expanded coverage of economic geography (e.g. neo-liberalism), recent developments in geopolitics (e.g. 9/11 responses and the geographical implications of war on terror), and geography of finance (e.g. global production). It also focuses on the increasingly prominent areas of globalization and the anti-globalization movement, landscape restoration, the digital divide, and issues of governance. This edition also contains recommended web links for many entries.

Oh, Change Champs, you've done an amazing job. That's a fantastic map. There's one last thing we need to do. And that's to put X marks the spot to show exactly where we are in your awesome map. Okay. Matt: A reservoir, it's like a big lake, isn't it? Great big bowl of water. But it isn't natural, it's been made by people to store all the rain that falls here to keep for drinking water. You know, you guys are asking some great questions. I think it's time for a mission.

Matt: It's really, really important that we have what's called a key to show us what all those different pictures mean. It's a bit like a secret code. Okay. Amber: That’s not a road, that’s a river! I’m glad you’re not driving this bus, or we’d all be under water! a b Palm, Risa (1982). "Urban geography: city structures". Progress in Geography. 6: 89–95. doi: 10.1177/030913258200600104. S2CID 157288359. Gregory, Derek; Martin, Ron G.; Smith, Graham (1994). Human geography: society, space and social science. Basingstoke: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-45251-6.

Within each of the subfields, various philosophical approaches can be used in research; therefore, an urban geographer could be a Feminist or Marxist geographer, etc. Amelle: There were so many things created by nature here, but also so many things created by us humans. Political geography is concerned with the study of both the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes and the ways in which political processes are themselves affected by spatial structures. Ben: By the way that this bus keeps twisting and turning, I'd say that we're on that wiggly road there!

From the 1970s, a number of critiques of the positivism now associated with geography emerged. Known under the term ' critical geography,' these critiques signaled another turning point in the discipline. Behavioral geography emerged for some time as a means to understand how people made perceived spaces and places, and made locational decisions. The more influential 'radical geography' emerged in the 1970s and 1980s. It draws heavily on Marxist theory and techniques, and is associated with geographers such as David Harvey and Richard Peet. Radical geographers seek to say meaningful things about problems recognized through quantitative methods, [6] provide explanations rather than descriptions, put forward alternatives and solutions, and be politically engaged, [7] rather than using the detachment associated with positivists. (The detachment and objectivity of the quantitative revolution was itself critiqued by radical geographers as being a tool of capital). Radical geography and the links to Marxism and related theories remain an important part of contemporary human geography (See: Antipode). Critical geography also saw the introduction of 'humanistic geography', associated with the work of Yi-Fu Tuan, which pushed for a much more qualitative approach in methodology. I can’t imagine life without it. Definitive, detailed yet accessible: there’s still no single-volume reference work in the field to rival it.’ Noel Castree, University of Manchester