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To seek help when you need it...in places where you know you will get the help and support that you need...that was a very important lesson to learn” (Ursula). Horesh, D.; Brown, A.D. Traumatic stress in the age of COVID-19: A call to close critical gaps and adapt to new realities. Psychol. Trauma Theory Res. Pract. Policy 2020, 12, 331–335. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Samios, C.; Raatjes, B.; Ash, J.; Lade, S.L.; Langdon, T. Meaning in Life Following Intimate Partner Psychological Aggression: The Roles of Self-Kindness, Positive Reframing, and Growth. J. Interpers. Violence 2020, 35, 1567–1586. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]
In the 1970s, psychologists found that although many of the victims of child abuse had suffered long-term repercussions, those experienced by some children were mild ( Mrazek and Mrazek, 1987). Scholars named the ability or dynamic process of individuals to adapt and maintain good development after encountering serious threats as “resilience.” Rutter proposed that protective factors can “affect, improve or change a person's response to hazards in the environment, and these hazards may lead to poor adaptation results.” He also emphasized that protective factors are not the same as positive experiences and do not necessarily constitute a pleasant occurrence in any ordinary sense; rather, their role is to change future responses to adversity. Therefore, the protective factor can be an experience, a quality inherent in the individual, characteristics of the surrounding environment, etc. ( Rutter, 1985; Mrazek and Mrazek, 1987). Since the concept of PR was first put forward, research has focused on exploring and analyzing its characteristics and the mechanisms that promote it. Asking her children for forgiveness, forgiving others. Cherishing her loved ones, setting the boundaries needed to be in control of her own life. Haidt, J. (2006). The happiness hypothesis: Putting ancient wisdom and philosophy to the test of modern science. Arrow Books: London. Sylaska, K.M.; Edwards, K.M. Disclosure of Intimate Partner Violence to Informal Social Support Network Members: A Review of the Literature. Trauma Violence Abus. 2014, 15, 3–21. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed][ Green Version]Schroevers, M.J.; Helgeson, V.S.; Sanderman, R.; Ranchor, A.V. Type of social support matters for prediction of posttraumatic growth among cancer survivors. Psycho-Oncol. 2010, 19, 46–53. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed][ Green Version] Alsayadi, H.; Abdelhamid, A.; Hegazy, I.; Taha, Z. Data Augmentation for Arabic Speech Recognition Based on End-to-End Deep Learning. Int. J. Intell. Comput. Inf. Sci. 2021, 21, 50–64. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Finstad, G.L.; Giorgi, G.; Lulli, L.G.; Pandolfi, C.; Foti, G.; León-Perez, J.M.; Cantero-Sánchez, F.J.; Mucci, N. Resilience, Coping Strategies and Posttraumatic Growth in the Workplace Following COVID-19: A Narrative Review on the Positive Aspects of Trauma. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9453. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] The literature concerning post-traumatic growth has recently seen a surge of research interest (Park & Helgeson, 2006), indeed Helgeson, Reynolds & Tomich, (2006) noted that of the 77 articles that they reviewed for their meta analysis, 49 (or 63%) were published since 2000.
Johansen, M.B.; Kiemer, L.; Brunak, S. Analysis and prediction of mammalian protein glycation. Glycobiology 2006, 16, 844–853. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] The General Self-Efficacy Scale developed by Schwarzer et al. (1997) was used to measure participants' GSE. The initial version of the scale had a total of 20 items but was subsequently revised to 10 items in 1997. After discussion, we deleted three of these, leaving seven items. All items were scored on a four-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (completely incorrect) to 4 (completely correct). The theoretical score ranges from 7 to 28. The higher the score, the higher the participant's level of GSE. In this study, the Cronbach's alpha for this scale was 0.875. Psychological Resilience Scale One interview was conducted with each participant. The first author conducted all the interviews, which were recorded, transcribed verbatim on a computer, and encrypted. If at any time we use another supplier, we will take the same steps to ensure legal use and compliance, will record the source of the data and will be happy to advise you of these details. Tedeschi, R.G., & Calhoun, C.G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 1 – 18.Spiegelberg, H. The Phenomenological Movement: A Historical Indroduction by Herbert Spiegelberg, 3rd ed.; Martinus Nijhoff: The Hague, The Netherlands, 1984. [ Google Scholar] It has become clear to me, how I want things to be, what I accept from other people and what I do not accept” (Norma). Shakespeare-Finch, J.; Gow, K.; Smith, S. Personality, Coping and Posttraumatic Growth in Emergency Ambulance Personnel. Traumatology 2005, 11, 325–334. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Edmondson, A.C.; Lei, Z. Psychological Safety: The History, Renaissance, and Future of an Interpersonal Construct. Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav. 2014, 1, 23–43. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version]
Know what they want for themselves in intimate relationships. Focused on what they want and what they need. Fight for justice. This experience made me the woman that I am today... I could be drinking and whining every day but I choose not to. I figured things out instead and became so strong and happy... I became me” (Paula). Helgeson, V.S., Reynolds, K.A., & Tomich, P.L. (2006). A meta-analytic review of benefit finding and growth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 5, 797 – 816.Chopko, B.A.; Palmieri, P.A.; Adams, R.E. Posttraumatic Growth in Relation to the Frequency and Severity of Traumatic Experiences Among Police Officers in Small to Midsize Departments. J. Interpers. Violence 2019, 34, 1247–1260. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Participants’ perceptions of PTG following IPV as described by majority of the women. Perceptions of Post-Traumatic Growth Ulloa, E.; Guzman, M.L.; Salazar, M.; Cala, C. Posttraumatic Growth and Sexual Violence: A Literature review. J. Aggress. Maltreatment Trauma 2016, 25, 286–304. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Costa, P.T.; McCrae, R.R. Normal personality assessment in clinical practice: The NEO Personality Inventory. Psychol. Assess. 1992, 4, 5. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Step 9. Comparing the essential structure of the phenomenon with the data for verification ( verification 2)
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